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earlysuspend(有关时间的名言)

本文目录

  • 有关时间的名言
  • android和Linux的区别
  • 英语 介绍巴西
  • 如何在Android 或Linux 下,做Suspend /Resume 的Debug
  • 如何查找唤醒android系统
  • Linux和安卓有什么关系
  • 非谓语动词什么时候用不定式,过去分词或者ing形式
  • 联合国安理会1718号决议的英译

有关时间的名言

在今天和明天之间,有一段很长的时间;趁你还有精神的时候,学习迅速办事.--歌德 我们若要生活,就该为自己建造一种充满感受、思索和行动的时钟,用它来代替这个枯燥、单调、以愁闷来扼杀心灵,带有责备意味和冷冷地滴答着的时间。--高尔基 完成工作的方法是爱惜每一分钟。 --达尔文 合理安排时间,就等于节约时间。--培根 应当仔细地观察,为的是理解;应当努力地理解,为的是行动。--罗曼 罗兰 每一点滴的进展都是缓慢而艰巨的,一个人一次只能着手解决一项有限的目标。--贝弗里奇 成功=艰苦劳动+正确的方法+少说空话。--爱因斯坦 放弃时间的人,时间也放弃他。——莎士比亚 没有方法能使时钏为我敲已过去了的钟点。 ——拜 伦 人的全部本领无非是耐心和时间的混合物。——巴尔扎克 任何节约归根到底是时间的节约。——马克思 时间就是能力等等发展的地盘。——马克思 时间是世界上一切成就的土壤。时间给空想者痛苦,给创造者幸福。——麦金西 时间是伟大的导师。——伯 克 时间是一个伟大的作者,它会给每个人写出完美的结局来。——卓别林 时间最不偏私,给任何人都是二十四小时;时间也是偏私,给任何人都不是二十四小时。——赫胥黎 忘掉今天的人将被明天忘掉。——歌 德 辛勤的蜜蜂永没有时间的悲哀。——布莱克 在所有的批评中,最伟大、最正确、最天才的是时间。——别林斯基 从不浪费时间的人,没有工夫抱怨时间不够。____杰弗逊 时间是我的财产,我的田亩是时间。____歌德 合理安排时间,就等于节约时间。——培根 春光不自留,莫怪东风恶。——莎士比亚 抛弃今天的人,不会有明天;而昨天,不过是行去流水。——约翰· 洛克 抛弃时间的人,时间也抛弃他。_____莎士比亚 一切节省,归根到底都归结为时间的节省。---马克思 利用时间是一个极其高级的规律。 ---恩格斯 合理安排时间,就等于节约时间。---培根 今天所做之事勿候明天,自己所做之事勿候他人。---歌德 今天应做的事没有做,明天再早也是耽误了。---裴斯泰洛齐 浪费时间是一桩大罪过。---卢梭 你热爱生命吗?那么别浪费时间,因为时间是组成生命的材料. --富兰克林 把活着的每一天看作生命的最后一天. --海伦·凯勒 迁延蹉跎,来日无多,二十丽姝,请来吻我,衰草枯杨,青春易过。---英国剧作家 莎士比亚. 普通人只想到如何度过时间,有才能的人设法利用时间。---德国哲学家 叔本华. 黄金时代在我们面前而不在我们背后。---美国作家 马克·吐温 人生苦短,若虚度年华,则短暂的人生就太长了。---英国剧作家 莎士比亚. 只要我们能善用时间,就永远不愁时间不够用。---德国诗人歌德 不管饕餮的时间怎样吞噬着一切,我们要在这一息尚存的时候,努力博取我们的声誉,使时间的镰刀不能伤害我们。 ——莎士比亚【英】 不要老叹息过去,它是不再回来的;要明智地改善现在。要以不忧不惧的坚决意志投入扑朔迷离的未来。——朗费罗【美】 不要为已消尽之年华叹息,必须正视匆匆溜走的时光。——布莱希特【德】 当许多人在一条路上徘徊不前时,他们不得不让开一条大路,让那珍惜时间的人赶到他们的前面去。 ——苏格拉底【古希腊】 敢于浪费哪怕一个钟头时间的人,说明他还不懂得珍惜生命的全部价值。 ——达尔文【英】 即将来临的一天,比过去的一年更为悠长。——福尔斯特【英】 集腋成裘,聚沙成塔。几秒钟虽然不长,却构成永恒长河中的伟大时代。 ——弗莱彻【英】1、明日复明日,明日何其多! 2、少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲 3、在世界上我们只活一次,所以应该爱惜光阴。必须过真实的生活,过有价值的生活。——巴甫洛夫 4、一寸光阴一寸金,寸金难买寸光阴。 5、一万年太久,只争朝夕。 ——毛泽东 6、不管饕餮的时间怎样吞噬着一切,我们要在这一息尚存的时候,努力博取我们的声誉,使时间的镰刀不能伤害我们。 ——莎士比亚 7、不要老叹息过去,它是不再回来的;要明智地改善现在。要以不忧不惧的坚决意志投入扑朔迷离的未来。 ——朗费罗 8、不要为已消尽之年华叹息,必须正视匆匆溜走的时光。 ——布莱希特 9、当许多人在一条路上徘徊不前时,他们不得不让开一条大路,让那珍惜时间的人赶到他们的前面去。 ——苏格拉底 10、 敢于浪费哪怕一个钟头时间的人,说明他还不懂得珍惜生命的全部价值。 ——达尔文 11、成功=艰苦劳动+正确的方法+少说空话。 --爱因斯坦 12、放弃时间的人,时间也放弃他。——莎士比亚 13、没有方法能使时钏为我敲已过去了的钟点。 ——拜 伦 14、人的全部本领无非是耐心和时间的混合物。 ——巴尔扎克 15、任何节约归根到底是时间的节约。——马克思 16、时间就是能力等等发展的地盘。——马克思 17、时间是世界上一切成就的土壤。时间给空想者痛苦,给创造者幸福。——麦金西 18、时间是伟大的导师。——伯 克 19、时间是一个伟大的作者,它会给每个人写出完美的结局来。——卓别林 20、时间最不偏私,给任何人都是二十四小时;时间也是偏私,给任何人都不是二十四小时。——赫胥黎 21、忘掉今天的人将被明天忘掉。——歌 德 22、辛勤的蜜蜂永没有时间的悲哀。——布莱克 23、在所有的批评中,最伟大、最正确、最天才的是时间。 ——别林斯基 24、从不浪费时间的人,没有工夫抱怨时间不够。 ——杰弗逊 25、时间是我的财产,我的田亩是时间。——歌德 26、合理安排时间,就等于节约时间。 ——培根 27、春光不自留,莫怪东风恶。 ——莎士比亚 28、抛弃今天的人,不会有明天;而昨天,不过是行去流水。 ——约翰· 洛克 29、抛弃时间的人,时间也抛弃他。——莎士比亚 30、一切节省,归根到底都归结为时间的节省。——马克思 31、利用时间是一个极其高级的规律。——恩格斯 32、合理安排时间,就等于节约时间。 ——培根 33、今天所做之事勿候明天,自己所做之事勿候他人。——歌德 34、今天应做的事没有做,明天再早也是耽误了。 ——裴斯泰洛齐 35、浪费时间是一桩大罪过。 ——卢梭 36、你热爱生命吗?那么别浪费时间,因为时间是组成生命的材料。 ——富兰克林 37、把活着的每一天看作生命的最后一天。 --海伦·凯勒 38、迁延蹉跎,来日无多,二十丽姝,请来吻我,衰草枯杨,青春易过。 ——莎士比亚. 39、普通人只想到如何度过时间,有才能的人设法利用时间。 ——叔本华 40、黄金时代在我们面前而不在我们背后。 ——美国作家 马克·吐温 41、人生苦短,若虚度年华,则短暂的人生就太长了。 ——英国剧作家 莎士比亚. 42、只要我们能善用时间,就永远不愁时间不够用。 ——德国诗人歌德 43、不管饕餮的时间怎样吞噬着一切,我们要在这一息尚存的时候,努力博取我们的声誉,使时间的镰刀不能伤害我们。 ——莎士比亚 44、不要老叹息过去,它是不再回来的;要明智地改善现在。要以不忧不惧的坚决意志投入扑朔迷离的未来。 ——朗费罗 45、不要为已消尽之年华叹息,必须正视匆匆溜走的时光。——布莱希特 46、敢于浪费哪怕一个钟头时间的人,说明他还不懂得珍惜生命的全部价值。 ——达尔文 47、即将来临的一天,比过去的一年更为悠长。 ——福尔斯特 48、集腋成裘,聚沙成塔。几秒钟虽然不长,却构成永恒长河中的伟大时代。——弗莱彻 49、我们若要生活,就该为自己建造一种充满感受、思索和行动的时钟,用它来代替这个枯燥、单调、以愁闷来扼杀心灵,带有责备意味和冷冷地滴答着的时间。 --高尔基 50、完成工作的方法是爱惜每一分钟。 --达尔文 51、即将来临的一天,比过去的一年更为悠长。 ——福尔斯特 52、集腋成裘,聚沙成塔。几秒钟虽然不长,却构成永恒长河中的伟大时代。 ——弗莱彻

android和Linux的区别

有以下三点区别:

1、Android没有本地窗口系统,而Linux是有X窗口系统。

2、Android没有glibc支持,而Linux是有glibc支持的。

3、Android是有自己专有的驱动程序。

虽然Android基于Linux内核,但是它与Linux之间还是有很大的差别。

扩展资料

Android专有的驱动程序

1、Android Binder 基于OpenBinder框架的一个驱动,用于提供 Android平台的进程间通信(InterProcess Communication,IPC)功能。源代码位于drivers/staging/android/binder.c。

2、Android电源管理(PM) 一个基于标准Linux电源管理系统的轻量级Android电源管理驱动,针对嵌入式设备做了很多优化。源代码位于:

kernel/power/earlysuspend.c

kernel/power/consoleearlysuspend.c

kernel/power/fbearlysuspend.c

kernel/power/wakelock.c

kernel/power/userwakelock.c

3、低内存管理器(Low Memory Killer) 比Linux的标准的OOM(Out Of Memory)机制更加灵活,它可以根据需要杀死进程以释放需要的内存。源代码位于 drivers/staging/ android/lowmemorykiller.c。

4、匿名共享内存(Ashmem) 为进程间提供大块共享内存,同时为内核提供回收和管理这个内存的机制。源代码位于mm/ashmem.c。

5、Android PMEM(Physical) PMEM用于向用户空间提供连续的物理内存区域,DSP和某些设备只能工作在连续的物理内存上。源代码位于drivers/misc/pmem.c。

6、Android Logger 一个轻量级的日志设备,用于抓取Android系统的各种日志。源代码位于drivers/staging/android/logger.c。

7、Android Alarm 提供了一个定时器,用于把设备从睡眠状态唤醒,同时它还提供了一个即使在设备睡眠时也会运行的时钟基准。源代码位于drivers/rtc/alarm.c。

8、USB Gadget驱动 一个基于标准 Linux USB gadget驱动框架的设备驱动,Android的USB驱动是基于gaeget框架的。源代码位于drivers/usb/gadget/。

9、Android Ram Console 为了提供调试功能,Android允许将调试日志信息写入一个被称为RAM Console的设备里,它是一个基于RAM的Buffer。源代码位于drivers/staging/android / ram_console.c。

10、Android timed device 提供了对设备进行定时控制的功能,目前支持vibrator和LED设备。源代码位于drivers/staging/android /timed_output.c(timed_gpio.c)。

参考资料:百度百科——Android

百度百科——linux

英语 介绍巴西

The thunder attack music sound, the thunderclap resembles the stagelight, the wind is as fast as lightning spreads the same leg and footmovement. I sit in Rio de Janeiro’s theater, feels for the first timehas “ Brazilian group fire “ Reputation Samba danceperformance. The Samba dance is called Brazilian “ The country dances “ .In Latin American this biggest state, popularization of the Sambadance, has such view: The person does not divide the male and femaleold and young, usually jumps, the holiday jumps; Jumps in the stage,also jumps on the avenue; Daytime jumps, jumps all night long.Whenever the intense music sound resounds, the people fervor will bealways difficult to damp, unable to restrain to suspend the leg towriggle the waist, jumps, deluded, will want to stop but cannot, wantsto rest difficultly to stop. The Samba dance origins from Africa. “ Samba “ A word it issaid from Africa’s Angolan second big clan and tribe Quim this DuYuzhong “ Woods Pakistan “ The evolution comes. “ WoodsPakistan “ Originally is one kind of spirited belly dance. Aboveas the name suggests, this kind dances under vibrates the abdomen,undulates the buttocks is the main characteristic. This is the Angolanmost popular one kind of dance movement, afterwards along with tradedthe black slave to move emerges starts to outside to disseminate. Fromthe 16th century 30’s to 19th century in leaf’s more than 300 years,Portugese colonizing trades black slave 12000000 from Angolan and theAfrican other areas to Brazil. In forces in the black slave the cabintransports to recent discovery mainland Latin America’s time, theCaucasian slave peddler worries to be far away, black slave when cabina nest several dozens days, to shore the leg and foot is not agile,cannot sell the price. Therefore, they on crowd every day in the cabinthe black slave rushes in the deck, take strikes the cask and the ironsaucepan as the accompaniment, lets them jump a woods Pakistan dance,moves the physique. Thus, colonizing originally wants to strengthenblack slave this kind of special commodity to compete the pricestrength action, is popular this kind to Africa’s dance accidentallybrings to Latin America.旅游英语之巴西英文介绍BrasiliaFifty years ago, the spot where Brasilia now stands was nothing but cerrado(塞雷多,巴西Mina 州的一个行政区)--short scrubby forest, stretching thousands of miles in every direction. That the entire city, this modernist architectural feat, was completed in the space of just 4 years is thanks to the will of one man, former president Juscelino Kubitschek. JK was elected president in 1956 on the promise that he’d move the capital inland from Rio de Janeiro(里约热内卢). Other politicians had made similar promises to no avail(完全无用); the capital had even been mandated in Article 3 of the constitution of the first Brazilian republic. But few expected JK to successfully see it through. The site, on Brazil’s high interior plateau(高原), was close to rivers and had a temperate climate. But it was literally in the middle of nowhere--over 360 miles from the nearest paved road, 75 miles from the nearest railroad, and some 115 miles from the nearest airport. JK pressed ahead, and held a competition for city plans. The winning design for the master plan was submitted by a Rio architect named Lucio Costa. Costa’s plan incorporated some curious ideas. In a country with no auto industry, the capital was designed almost exclusively for car use. Activities like shopping, banking, even living were segregated in discrete lumps. But viewed from high above the city grid looked bold and monumental--shaped like an airplane in flight, or an arrow shooting forward into the future. Groundbreaking(奠基)began in 1957. Thousands of workers poured in from around the country. Living conditions were frightful. But by April 21, 1960, there was something that resembled a city enough for the grand inauguration to be held. Politicians and bureaucrats began to make the long shift inland. In years since, Brasilia has been a source of some controversy. For the world of urban design it embodies the limitations of rational planning; the carefully designated use zones now feel stifling, ill-equipped to address the complexity of a true city. Some Brazilians have suggested that the money borrowed to build the new capital planted the seed for the debt crisis of the early 1980s. But its status as the federal capital is secure; if nothing else, Brasilia certainly succeeded in moving the country’s focus from the coast to the vast interior. For visitors, the attractions here are purely architectural. The city was meant to be a showcase for the country. Brazil’s best designers, architects, and artists were commissioned to create the buildings and make them beautiful. A visit to Brasilia is a chance to see and judge on their success

如何在Android 或Linux 下,做Suspend /Resume 的Debug

在Linux或Android下,做power management 的调适时,常遇到没有足够的information,可以做为debug时的依据和参考我们整理了几个常用的参数或Command,可供设计者,得到足够的Informaiton 做Suspend / Resume的function Debug。加boot 参数 no_console_suspend基本上我们常常使用console做为suspend function的debug的Information source,但原始的source code在suspend过程中,会将console关掉。所以我们看到一定程度後就再也看不到message了。但是我们并不知道在Suspend的过程中,系统到底发生了什麼事,可能造成无法suspend。为此,我们就会在kernel 启动参数中加上no_console_suspend这个参数。在AM/DM37x APM中是修改boot.scr档案参数#!/bin/shcat 《《EOF 》 boot.cmdif fatload mmc 0 82000000 uImagethen echo ***** Kernel: /dev/mmcblk0p1/uImage *****fiecho ***** RootFS: /dev/mmcblk0p2 *****# Pantherboard DVI output#setenv bootargs ’console=ttyO2,115200n8 androidboot.console=ttyO2 mem=512M root=/dev/mmcblk0p2 rw rootfstype=ext3 rootdelay=1 init=/init ip=off omap_vout.vid1_static_vrfb_alloc=y omapdss.def_disp=dvi vram=32M omapfb.mode=dvi:1280x720MR-32 omapfb.vram=0:16M mpurate=1000’# Pantherboard LCD outputsetenv bootargs ’console=ttyO2,115200n8 androidboot.console=ttyO2 mem=512M root=/dev/mmcblk0p2 rw rootfstype=ext3 rootdelay=1 init=/init ip=off omap_vout.vid1_static_vrfb_alloc=y omapdss.def_disp=lcd omapfb.mode=lcd:800x480MR-32 vram=8M omapfb.vram=0:8M mpurate=1000’将no_console_suspend加上去到boot 参数後就好了setenv bootargs ’console=ttyO2,115200n8 androidboot.console=ttyO2 mem=512M root=/dev/mmcblk0p2 rw rootfstype=ext3 rootdelay=1 init=/init ip=off omap_vout.vid1_static_vrfb_alloc=y omapdss.def_disp=lcd omapfb.mode=lcd:800x480MR-32 vram=8M omapfb.vram=0:8M mpurate=1000 no_console_suspend’如果是OMAP4 APM的话,请修改Kernel 参数的所在档案即可(在U-boot Source code中)这个是基本的参数,所以在Android或Linux上都可以使用。 kernel把console suspend掉以後, 不管里面出了什麼事情, 在Console上都看不到。 而使用这个参数後,大部分在suspend/resume时候的死机都可以通过Console看到kernel Panic的信息, 这样我们才会知道是哪里出了问题。 因为有的时候resume出错, 或者suspend到很後面出错的console不加这个参数都看不到。但这个参数在TI OMAP3/OMAP4/AM37x/DM37x有可能造成有时Suspend 完当掉或是resume 失败的问题,假如已经抓到问题在那的时候,您就可以将这个参数Disable,不然很可能就会Debug不下去。initcall_debug这个同样kernel参数,使用的时机是,当我们不知道是那个driver在suspend/resume过程中出错的时候,可以使用这个参数来找出问题所在。在下完这个参数後,Kernel在suspend时,会将每个driver或task的状况report出来。我们可以藉由这些information,Check 在suspend时,每个task和driver是否已经完成进suspend 的相关准备工作…打开这个参数的方法有二种一种是在console下Command,启动这个function…echo 1 》 /sys/module/kernel/parameters/initcall_debugecho 9 》 /proc/sys/kernel/printk其中上面的第一条命令是打开initcall_debug, 这个是所有的kernel都会有的。而第二条命令是要提高kernel message 级别,因为initcall的这些信息都是KERN_DEBUG级别的, 所以需要提高printk的级别才可以看到, 要不然suspend/resume的时候挂了,你就没有机会看到这些信息了。另一种启动方法是写在kernel的启动参数下,就可以了。setenv bootargs ’console=ttyO2,115200n8 androidboot.console=ttyO2 mem=512M root=/dev/mmcblk0p2 rw rootfstype=ext3 rootdelay=1 init=/init ip=off omap_vout.vid1_static_vrfb_alloc=y omapdss.def_disp=lcd omapfb.mode=lcd:800x480MR-32 vram=8M omapfb.vram=0:8M mpurate=1000 initcall_debug no_console_suspend’同样的,这个参数也有可能造成AM37x/DM37x/OMAP4 APM发生进suspend当掉的问题。所以一旦知道问题所在,麻烦请将这个参数Disable掉。suspend_test这个方法可以用rtc这种软件的方式来做循环的suspend/resume, 尽管对於Android这样并不是很足够, (还要再模拟一个POWER_KEY上去才够), 但是对於测试Driver的稳定性, 还是有一定用处的。不要认为suspend了几次可以,那麼就可以通过几千次的测试。这个suspend是5秒钟用RTC唤醒,然後回到Android後5秒钟又会自动睡下去,但是对於通用Linux,你可以写个script来让他起来一会再睡下去,或许这个工具比较有用rtcwakeup(google rtcwakeup)。使用方法:编译一个有这个功能的kernel, make menuconfig 以後选上CONFIG_PM_DEBUG=yCONFIG_PM_TEST_SUSPEND=y 这两个选项,烧写新的kernel,然後打开你需要测试的Device, 比如WIFI,3Gecho “core“ 》 /sys/power/pm_testecho “mem“ 》 /sys/power/state这样, 它就会循环休眠和唤醒了。wakelockAndroid和Linux在Power Management相关的最大的就是wakelock机制的有无。Android有时候会碰到suspend进不去,或者suspend到最後又莫名奇妙的wake up的问题。这些都有可能是wakelock引起的,或者说是wakelock的使用者引起的。怎麼fine tune呢,使用Console在Android 系统下设定:echo 15 》 /sys/module/wakelock/parameters/debug_maskecho 15 》 /sys/module/userwakelock/parameters/debug_mask 15是代表16进制的F, 在wakelock里面就是把所有的debug信息打开, 起码现在是这样设定的。如果以後不够用了,可能就会改成255.这样你能看到kernel和frameworks层对於wakelock的操作、申请及释放。这样看申请和释放成对否就可以了。注意: wakelock有一种是timeout的,就是说多少毫秒以後,会自动释放,对於这些wakelock,申请和释放可能是不成对的。power.0有时看到系统suspend到了最後, 然後遇到power.0後suspend失败,然後整个系统又resume回来。这个是android专有的,因为power.0是android注册到suspend最後的一个行程, 它会在CPU进入suspend之前检查一下有没有wakelock存在, 如果这时候还有没有释放的wakelock, 那麼它会return -EBUSY然後导致整个suspend失败。 Check这个问题的方法就是把上面wakelock的debug信息打开,然後看看是哪个去申请了wakelock,然後Release它。这个错误的错误信息大概是这样的: pm_noirq_op(): platform_pm_suspend_noirq+0x0/0x38 returns -11 PM: Device power.0 failed to suspend late: error -11 earlysuspend在android里面中另外一个和Power Management有相关的机制叫earlysuspend, 同样可以打开debug message,用来做Android earlysuspend debug之用:echo 15 》 /sys/module/earlysuspend/parameters/debug_mask 来把相关的debug信息印出来, 例如那个earlysuspend要被call之类的。suspend/resume 时间 fine tune有的时候你要调试suspend/resume的时间太慢的问题。 一种方法是用initcall_debug, 然後把printk的时间戳打上, 然後看那个process最慢,再来Check原因是什麼我有一个patch,专门用来调试这个问题的,但是upstream不接受, 说非要用这种折磨人的方法才行, 但是如果你想用可以下下来打上去用一下。地址在这里:

如何查找唤醒android系统

  如果在休眠中系统被中断或者其他事件唤醒,接下来的代码就会开始执行,这个唤醒的顺序是和休眠的循序相反的,所以系统设备和总线会首先唤醒,使能系统中断,使能休眠时候停止掉的非启动CPU,以及调用suspend_ops-》finish(),而且在suspend_devices_and_enter()函数中也会继续唤醒每个设备,使能虚拟终端,最后调用suspend_ops-》end().  在返回到enter_state()函数中的,当suspend_devices_and_enter()返回以后,外设已经唤醒了,但是进程和任务都还是冻结状态,这里会调用suspend_finish()来解冻这些进程和任务,而且发出Notify来表示系统已经从suspend状态退出,唤醒终端.  到这里,所有的休眠和唤醒就已经完毕了,系统继续运行了.  Android系统Suspend和resume的函数流程  Android 休眠(suspend)介绍  在一个打过android补丁的内核中,state_store()函数会走另外一条路,会进入到request_suspend_state()中,这个文件在earlysuspend.c中.这些功能都是android系统加的,后面会对earlysuspend和lateresume进行介绍。  涉及到的文件:  linux_source/kernel/power/main.c  linux_source/kernel/power/earlysuspend.c  linux_source/kernel/power/wakelock.c  特性介绍  1)EarlySuspend  Early suspend是android引进的一种机制,这个机制作用在关闭显示的时候,一些和显示有关的设备,比如LCD背光,重力感应器,触摸屏,这些设备都会关掉,但是系统可能还是在运行状态(这时候还有wakelock)进行任务的处理,例如在扫描SD卡上的文件等.在嵌入式设备中,背光是一个很大的电源消耗,所以android会加入这样一种机制。  2)LateResume  Late Resume是和suspend配套的一种机制,是在内核唤醒完毕开始执行的,主要就是唤醒在EarlySuspend的时候休眠的设备.  当所有的唤醒已经结束以后,用户进程都已经开始运行了,唤醒通常会是以下的几种原因:  来电  如果是来电,那么Modem会通过发送命令给rild来让rild通知WindowManager有来电响应,这样就会远程调用PowerManagerService来写“on“到/sys/power/state来执行lateresume的设备,比如点亮屏幕等.  用户按键用户按键事件会送到WindowManager中,WindowManager会处理这些按键事件,按键分为几种情况,如果案件不是唤醒键(能够唤醒系统的按键)那么WindowManager会主动放弃wakeLock来使系统进入再次休眠,如果按键是唤醒键,那么WindowManger就会调用PowerManagerService中的接口来执行Late Resume.  Late Resume会依次唤醒前面调用了EarlySuspend的设备.  3)WakeLock  Wake Lock在Android的电源管理系统中扮演一个核心的角色.Wake Lock是一种锁的机制,只要有人拿着这个锁,系统就无法进入休眠,可以被用户态程序和内核获得。这个锁可以是有超时的或者是没有超时的,超时的锁会在时间过去以后自动解锁。如果没有锁了或者超时了,内核就会启动休眠的那套机制来进入休眠。  3)AndroidSuspend  当用户写入mem或者standby到/sys/power/state中的时候,state_store()会被调用,然后Android会在这里调用request_suspend_state()而标准的Linux会在这里进入enter_state()这个函数.如果请求的是休眠,那么early_suspend这个workqueue就会被调用,并且进入early_suspend状态。调用request_suspend_state()后在suspend_work_queue工作线程上面注册一个early_suspend_work工作者,  然后又通过staticDECLARE_WORK(early_suspend_work, early_suspend);注册一个工作任务early_suspend。所以系统最终会调用early_suspend函数。  注册加入suspend和resume流程  platform_device_register()--》platform_device_add()--》device_add()--》device_pm_add()--》,最终加入到了dpm_list的链表中,在其中的dpm_suspend和dpm_suspend中通过遍历这个链表来进行查看哪个device中包含suspend和resume项。  系统唤醒和休眠  Kernel层[针对AndroidLinux2.6.28内核]:  其主要代码在下列位置:  Drivers/base /main.c  kernel/power /main.c  kernel/power/wakelock.c  kernel/power/earlysuspend.c  其对Kernel提供的接口函数有  EXPORT_SYMBOL(wake_lock_init);//初始化Suspendlock,在使用前必须做初始化  EXPORT_SYMBOL(wake_lock);//申请lock,必须调用相应的unlock来释放它  static DEFINE_TIMER(expire_timer,expire_wake_locks, 0, 0);//定时时间到,加入到suspend队列中;  EXPORT_SYMBOL(wake_unlock);//释放lock  EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(device_power_up);//打开特殊的设备  EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(device_power_down);//关闭特殊设备  EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(device_resume);//重新存储设备的状态;  EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(device_suspend);:保存系统状态,并结束掉系统中的设备;  EXPORT_SYMBOL(register_early_suspend);//注册earlysuspend的驱动  EXPORT_SYMBOL(unregister_early_suspend);//取消已经注册的earlysuspend的驱动  Android的suspent执行流程  函数的流程如下所示:  应用程序通过对/sys/power/state的写入操作可以使系统进行休眠的状态,会调用/kernel/power/main.c中的state_store函数。pm_states包括:  PM_SUSPEND_ON,PM_SUSPEND_STANDBY,PM_SUSPEND_MEM满足的状态。  1)当状态位PM_SUSPEND_ON的状态的时候,request_suspend_state();当满足休眠的状态的时候,调用request_suspend_state在suspend_work_queue工作线程上创建early_suspend_work队列,queue_work(suspend_work_queue,&early_suspend_work)。  2)然后通过DECLARE_WORK(early_suspend_work,early_suspend);在early_suspend_work工作队列中添加工作任务调用early_suspend,所以early_suspend函数会被调用。  3)early_suspend函数中通过  list_for_each_entry(pos,&early_suspend_handlers, link) {  if (pos-》suspend != NULL)  pos-》suspend(pos);  在链表中找注册的suspend函数,这个suspend是early的。early_suspend后面调用wake_unlock函数。语句:wake_unlock(&main_wake_lock);  4)wake_unlock()中调用mod_timer启动expire_timer定时器,当定时时间到了,则执行expire_wake_locks函数,将suspend_work加入到suspend_work_queue队列中,分析到这里就可以知道了early_suspend_work和suspend_work这两个队列的先后顺序了(先执行early,定义一段时间后才执行suspend_work),然后会在suspend_work队列中加入suspend的工作任务,所以wakelock.c中的suspend函数会被调用。  5)suspend调用了pm_suspend,通过判断当前的状态,选择enter_state(),在enter_state中,经过了suspend_prepare,suspend_test和suspend_device_and_enter(),在suspend_device_and_enter中调用dpm_suspend_start(),然后调用dpm_suspend()。  6)dpm_suspend中利用while循环在dpm_list链表查找所有devic,然后调用device_suspend来保存状态和结束系统的设备。到了这里,我们就又可以看见在初始化的时候所看到的队列dpm_list。  dpm_list链表的添加是在device_pm_add中完成,请看上一节中。  Wake Lock  我们接下来看一看wakelock的机制是怎么运行和起作用的,主要关注wakelock.c文件就可以了。  wake lock有加锁和解锁两种状态,加锁的方式有两种,一种是永久的锁住,这样的锁除非显示的放开,是不会解锁的,所以这种锁的使用是非常小心的.第二种是超时锁,这种锁会锁定系统唤醒一段时间,如果这个时间过去了,这个锁会自动解除.  锁有两种类型:  WAKE_LOCK_SUSPEND这种锁会防止系统进入睡眠  WAKE_LOCK_IDLE这种锁不会影响系统的休眠,作用我不是很清楚.  在wakelock中,会有3个地方让系统直接开始suspend(),分别是:  1)在wake_unlock()中,如果发现解锁以后没有任何其他的wakelock了,就开始休眠  2)在定时器都到时间以后,定时器的回调函数会查看是否有其他的wakelock,如果没有,就在这里让系统进入睡眠.  3)在wake_lock()中,对一个wakelock加锁以后,会再次检查一下有没有锁,我想这里的检查是没有必要的,更好的方法是使加锁的这个操作原子化,而 不是繁冗的检查.而且这样的检查也有可能漏掉.  Android于标准Linux休眠的区别  pm_suspend()虽然会调用enter_state()来进入标准的Linux休眠流程,但是还是有一些区别:  当进入冻结进程的时候,android首先会检查有没有wakelock,如果没有,才会停止这些进程,因为在开始suspend和冻结进程期间有可能有人申请了wake lock,如果是这样,冻结进程会被中断.  在suspend_late()中,会最后检查一次有没有wakelock,这有可能是某种快速申请wakelock,并且快速释放这个锁的进程导致的,如果有这种情况,这里会返回错误,整个suspend就会全部放弃.如果pm_suspend()成功了,LOG的输出可以通过在kernelcmd里面增加“no_console_suspend“来看到suspend和resume过程中的log输出。  Android的电源管理主要是通过Wakelock来实现的,在最底层主要是通过如下队列来实现其管理:  LIST_HEAD(dpm_list);  系统正常开机后进入到AWAKE状态,,Backlight会从最亮慢慢调节到用户设定的亮度,系统screenoff timer(settings-》sound & display-》 Display settings -》Screen timeout)开始计时,在计时时间到之前,如果有任何的activity事件发生,如Touchclick, keyboard pressed等事件,则将Resetscreen off timer, 系统保持在AWAKE状态.如果有应用程序在这段时间内申请了Fullwake lock,那么系统也将保持在AWAKE状态,除非用户按下powerkey.在AWAKE状态下如果电池电量低或者是用AC供电screenoff timer时间到并且选中Keepscreen on while pluged in选项,backlight会被强制调节到DIM的状态。  如果Screenoff timer时间到并且没有Fullwake lock或者用户按了powerkey,那么系统状态将被切换到NOTIFICATION,并且调用所有已经注册的early_suspend_handlers函数,通常会把LCD和Backlight驱动注册成earlysuspend类型,如有需要也可以把别的驱动注册成earlysuspend,这样就会在第一阶段被关闭.接下来系统会判断是否有partialwake lock acquired, 如果有则等待其释放,在等待的过程中如果有useractivity事件发生,系统则马上回到AWAKE状态;如果没有partialwake lock acquired, 则系统会马上调用函数pm_suspend关闭其它相关的驱动,让CPU进入休眠状态。  系统在Sleep状态时如果检测到任何一个Wakeupsource,则CPU会从Sleep状态被唤醒,并且调用相关的驱动的resume函数,接下来马上调用前期注册的earlysuspend驱动的resume函数,最后系统状态回到AWAKE状态.这里有个问题就是所有注册过earlysuspend的函数在进Suspend的第一阶段被调用可以理解,但是在resume的时候,Linux会先调用所有驱动的resume函数,而此时再调用前期注册的earlysuspend驱动的resume函数有什么意义呢?个人觉得android的这个earlysuspend和lateresume函数应该结合Linux下面的suspend和resume一起使用,而不是单独的使用一个队列来进行管理。

Linux和安卓有什么关系

Android是基于Linux内核的操作系统,也曾经和Linux基金会因为内核问题产生过分歧。  虽然Android基于Linux内核,但是它与Linux之间还是有很大的差别,比如Android在Linux内核的基础上添加了自己所特有的驱动程序。 Linux 仅仅是内核,根本就不是一个完整的操作系统。 一个完整的操作系统,包括内核,功能库,用户界面三个主要部分。一个应用程序,主要运行的并不是依靠内核来运行,它主要是借助功能库提供程序功能函数支持,用户界面层提供显示和交互的功能函数支持,内核只是一个硬件驱动交互,任务分配,内存管理,IO 处理的最底层的支持。  一、Android为什么会选择Linux  成熟的操作系统有很多,但是Android为什么选择采用Linux内核呢?这就与Linux的一些特性有关了,比如:  1、强大的内存管理和进程管理方案  2、基于权限的安全模式  3、支持共享库  4、经过认证的驱动模型  5、Linux本身就是开源项目   二、Android不是Linux  因为它没有本地窗口系统,没有glibc的支持,而且并不包括一整套标准的Linux使用程序,同时增强了Linux以支持其特有的驱动。  1.它没有本地窗口系统   本地窗口系统是指GNU/Linux上的X窗口系统,或者Mac OX X的Quartz等。不同的操作系统的窗口系统可能不一样,Android并没有使用(也不需要使用)Linux的X窗口系统,这是Android不是Linux的一个基本原因。  2.它没有glibc支持  由于Android最初用于一些便携的移动设备上,所以,可能出于效率等方面的考虑,Android并没有采用glibc作为C库,而是Google自己开发了一套Bionic Libc来代替glibc。  3.它并不包括一整套标准的Linux使用程序  Android并没有完全照搬Liunx系统的内核,除了修正部分Liunx的Bug之外,还增加了不少内容,比如:它基于ARM构架增加的Gold-Fish平台,以及yaffs2 FLASH文件系统等。  4.Android专有的驱动程序  除了上面这些不同点之外,Android还对Linux设备驱动进行了增强,主要如下所示。  1)Android Binder 基于OpenBinder框架的一个驱动,用于提供 Android平台的进程间通信(InterProcess Communication,IPC)功能。源代码位于drivers/staging/android/binder.c。  2)Android电源管理(PM) 一个基于标准Linux电源管理系统的轻量级Android电源管理驱动,针对嵌入式设备做了很多优化。源代码位于:  kernel/power/earlysuspend.c  kernel/power/consoleearlysuspend.c  kernel/power/fbearlysuspend.c  kernel/power/wakelock.c  kernel/power/userwakelock.c 如果给内核添加驱动也可以称之为不同的话?  3)低内存管理器(Low Memory Killer) 比Linux的标准的OOM(Out Of Memory)机制更加灵活,它可以根据需要杀死进程以释放需要的内存。源代码位于 drivers/staging/ android/lowmemorykiller.c。  4)匿名共享内存(Ashmem) 为进程间提供大块共享内存,同时为内核提供回收和管理这个内存的机制。源代码位于mm/ashmem.c。  5)Android PMEM(Physical) PMEM用于向用户空间提供连续的物理内存区域,DSP和某些设备只能工作在连续的物理内存上。源代码位于drivers/misc/pmem.c。  6)Android Logger 一个轻量级的日志设备,用于抓取Android系统的各种日志。源代码位于drivers/staging/android/logger.c。  7)Android Alarm 提供了一个定时器,用于把设备从睡眠状态唤醒,同时它还提供了一个即使在设备睡眠时也会运行的时钟基准。源代码位于drivers/rtc/alarm.c。  8)USB Gadget驱动 一个基于标准 Linux USB gadget驱动框架的设备驱动,Android的USB驱动是基于gaeget框架的。源代码位于drivers/usb/gadget/。  9)Android Ram Console 为了提供调试功能,Android允许将调试日志信息写入一个被称为RAM Console的设备里,它是一个基于RAM的Buffer。源代码位于drivers/staging/android / ram_console.c。  10)Android timed device 提供了对设备进行定时控制的功能,目前支持vibrator和LED设备。源代码位于drivers/staging/android /timed_output.c(timed_gpio.c)。  11)Yaffs2 文件系统 Android采用Yaffs2作为MTD nand flash文件系统,源代码位于fs/yaffs2/目录下。Yaffs2是一个快速稳定的应用于NAND和NOR Flash的跨平台的嵌入式设备文件系统,同其他Flash文件系统相比,Yaffs2能使用更小的内存来保存其运行状态,因此它占用内存小。Yaffs2的垃圾回收非常简单而且快速,因此能表现出更好的性能。Yaffs2在大容量的NAND Flash上的性能表现尤为突出,非常适合大容量的Flash存储。

非谓语动词什么时候用不定式,过去分词或者ing形式

非谓语动词解题策略 1) 正确判断非谓语动词 这类题一般出现在独立主格结构中,如果在选项与句子之间没有连词,则说明,所选为独立主格结构,既名词或主格代词 + 分词。 All things ______, the planned trip will have to be called off. A. considered B. be considered C. considering D. having considered (1998.6) 句子没有连词,说明所选结构不属于从句,那么就是独立主格做状语,根据动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系为动宾关系,答案应该是A。 ____, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.(1997.6) A. Other things being equal B. Were other things equal C. To be equal to other things D. Other things to be equal 做状语的可以是从句,但B的结构是虚拟条件,与这里不符,不表目的,C不对,不表将来,独立主格中非谓语动词不能是不定式,答案为A。 4) 判断动名词复合结构的方式 主语位置上,或动词、介词后的“名词代词 + 非谓语动词“,如果表示的是一个事件则是动名词复合结构,而不是“名词 + 定语。请看以下各例: He insisted on the windows _____ open while he was sleeping. A. left B. being left C. leaving D. be left insist on后不接从句,D可以排除。这里表达的是坚持要求“开着窗子睡觉“,所以应该是动名词复合结构,答案为B。 The road __________ caused us to be for our work for half an hour. A. blocked B. was blocked C. blocking D. being blocked 做主语的表示上班迟到的原因,自然应该是“交通堵塞“,而不是“被堵的道路“,所以还是动名词复合结构,答案为D。 The concerned mother thrilled at the news of his son _________ to college. A. had been admitted B. admitted C. having been admitted D. having admitted 消息表达的应该是个事件,说明不是“被录取的孩子“,介词of后不可能接从句,说明of后为动名词的复合结构,答案是C。 3) 注意分析非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系 正确判断非谓语动词与起逻辑主语之间的关系是正确选择非谓语动词形式的保证,不管是做什么成分的非谓语动词都体现以下特点: 如果非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是主谓关系,则用现在分词; 如果非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是动宾关系,则用过去分词; 如果表示将来,则用动词不定式。 这是非谓语动词运用的基本原则,然后再根据其不同的作用,掌握其更细的规则。如: (1)做定语时 做定语的可以是动名词、分词或不定式。动名词做前置定语,所构成的大多为固定短语,四级考试一般不涉及。主要考查分词和不定式做定语。分词或不定式做定语一般做后置定语。 ① The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the city’s telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users. A. accomplished B. being accomplished C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished ② Hard work ____ on time will lead to better grades.(1995.1) A. done B. be done C. having done D. to have been done ③ As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town _____ 50 households or more.(1998.1) A. having B. to have C. to have had D. having had ④ Those _____ to the conference were mostly famous scientists. A. invited B. were invited C. inviting D. to invite 做定语的非谓语动词有一下几种形式: “doing 结构“:分词与中心词之间是主谓关系,表示正在进行,或状态。如③ “being done结构“:分词与中心词之间是动宾关系,表示被动和正在进行,如:No one is to enter the buildingbeing repaired. “to be done结构“:不定式与中心词之间是动宾关系,表示将来和被动,如①。 “done结构“:分词与中心词之间是动宾关系,表示被动、完成或一般,如②④。 “to do结构“:不定式与中心词之间是主谓关系,表示将来。如:The professor to give us a speechtomorrow is said to have compiled many scientific works. 完成形式不能做定语,包括分词的完成形式和不定式的完成形式。 (2)做状语 做状语的可以是不定式,也可以是分词。大体结构有: “doing 结构“:分词与句子主语为主谓关系,表示与谓语动词同时发生,或基本上同时发生,或是同时存在的状态。如: ______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edgeof the earth. A. Having believed B. Believing C. Believed D. Being believed “done结构“:只要分词与句子主语间是动宾关系就可以用过去分词,可以表示完成,可以表示正在进行,也可以表示条件。如: _______ in this way, the situation doesn’t seem so disappointing. A. Too look at B. Looking at C. Looked at D. To be looked at (2000.1) He came in, followed by a group of reporters. “having done结构“:分词与句子主语是主谓关系,切发生在谓语动词之前。Having seen the film already,I declined his invitation to go to the cinema. “having been done结构“:该结构表示完成被动,即分词与句子主语之间是动宾关系,切发生在谓语动词之前。如:Havingbeen showed many times, he still didn’t understand the operation of the machine. “to do 结构“:这是不定式结构,在句中可以做目的状语,也可以做结果状语,但不定式动作总是发生在谓语动词之后。如: _______ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master’s degree. A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. On becoming 表结果时一般为固定结构,如too …to…, enough to….,或是表示出乎意料的结果,常可加构成only to的结构。如: I did what I could to comfort her only to make her cry even more. The next day, she woke to find herself in hospital. “being done结构“:该结构表示被动与正在进行,一般置于句首,表示原因。如:Being chased by some spies,he hid himself in the grass. (2)做表语 测试中对表语的考查主要侧重在现在分词与过去分词的区别上,所以对于做表语的非谓语动词,主要看分词与句子主语之间的关系。做表语的分词一般只有doing和done两种形式。现在分词表示做表语的与主语是主谓关系;过去分词表示做表语的与主语之间是动宾关系。根据使用规律,如果主语是无生命名词,则表语分词为现在分词;如果主语是有生命名词,以过去分词居多,但也可以用现在分词,但意思不同。如: How disappointed he felt at the result of the election. (他感到失望) How disappointing he is. He should have failed in such an election. (他令人失望) 可接表语的系动词很多,除be外还有remain, feel, look, appear, seem, get, become, go。 (3)做补足语 一般做宾补的非谓语动词动词的形式选择与其它成分中的非谓语动词形式选择规则基本相同。 doing结构:分词与宾语构成主谓关系,表正在进行。 When I caught him ____ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop. A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheating done结构:分词与宾语构成动宾关系,表示被动与完成。 Don’t get your schedule _____;stay with us in this class.(1996.1) A. to change B. changing C. changed D. change to do 结构:不定式表示将来,如wish somebody to do, expect somebody to do, arrange for somebodyto do等等。 being done结构:表示被动和正在进行, watch the flag being raised Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it _____ in Cuba.(2000.1) A. being cultivated B. been cultivated C. having cultivated D. cultivating to be done结构:用语表示将来与被动,一般用语主谓关系时可用to做宾补的动词后,如:want something to be done, ordersomething to be done 完成形式不能做宾补。 4) 注意分析非谓语动词做什么状语 不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同,如表示目的只能是不定式,另外,测试中也常有选择非谓语动词前连词的试题。因此,同学们应注意根据状语与句子间的关系,判断连词的使用。5) 注意不定式的特殊句式 不定式在做定语和做状语时都有其特殊句式,注意这些句式的特点,考试中就会少走一点弯路。如: have something to do类: 这类结构相当于汉语的连动结构,即“有事要做“,“买东西吃“,“借书看“等。 a room in which to live类: 该类结构是a room to live in 的变体。但如果不熟悉这个结构,考试中则难以决断。如: You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from _____ to suspend your tent.(1998.1) A. there B. them C. which D. where The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his arguments in favor of the new theory.(2000.6) A. to be based on B. to base on C. which to base on D. on which to base the first to do 该结构表示如果名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或序数词、最高级本身做名词用,其后应不定式做定语。 the ability to do 该结构表示,形容词变了的名词后用不定式做定语。 the need to do 该结构表示由动词变来的名词后用不定式做定语。 the way to do 该结构表示,在一些特定的名词后面常用不定式做定语,应注意记忆,如means, reason, time, pressure, moment。 6) 熟记固定搭配,分清不定式与to加动名词 其实容易产生不定式符号与介词混淆的只是为数不多的某些句式,只要平时注意积累即可。 prefer doing something to doing something look forward to doing something be used to doing something (习惯于做某事) stick to doing something object to doing something/ have objection to doing something be opposed to doing something admit/confess to doing something I have no objection _____ your story again.(2000.6) A. to hear B. to hearing C. to having heard D. to have heard The man in the corner confessed to ________ a lie to the manager of the company. A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told 从出题人的心理来看,如果有to do something和 to doing something的对比项,一般答案是to doing something。 7) 分清宾补的类别 (1)感官动词后的宾补可以是 doing, do, done, being done的结构,其中being done 只用于少数动词后面, 如find, smell, feel等。 (2)have somebody do something 让某人做某事 have somebody doing something 让某人一直做某事 won’t have somebody do something 不许某人做某事 have something done 使某事被做 have something + ving 让……一直…… (3)catch,smell,keep,set,等只能接doing的结构,表示主动和正在进行。 (4)leave somebody doing something 让某人一直做某事 leave something undone 使某事只做了一半 leave something to be done 事情有待于解决 leave somebody to do something让某事做某事,表示将来 (5)with somebody to do something宾补与宾语是主谓关系,表示将来。 with somebody doing something 宾补与宾语之间是主谓关系,表示正在进行。 with something to do 宾补与宾语间是动宾关系,表示将来,动作执行者在句中找的着。 with something to be done宾补与宾语是动宾关系,表示将来,但动作执行者在句中找不着。 with something done 宾补与宾语之间是动宾关系,表示完成。 8) 注意下列结构中非谓语动词的体 pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to do something 不定式动作一般为状态动词,也可是终止性动词,表示与谓语动词同时存在或发生。 pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to have done something 不定式动作发生在谓语动词之前。 pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to be doing something 不定式动作与谓语动词同时进行 9)熟记哪些动词后接不定式,哪些接动名词,如果两者都可,又有什么差别。 既可接不定式,又可接动名词,用法有别的动词常考的有: forget,remember, regret, mean, try等。 10)注意want/need/require表示“需要“时的特殊句式 want/need/require表“需要“时,后接主动的动名词或被动的不定式,即doing 或to be done的形式。不可混淆。

联合国安理会1718号决议的英译

“The Security Council,“Recalling its previous relevant resolutions,including resolution 825 (1993),resolution 1540 (2004) and,in particular,resolution 1695 (2006),as well as the statement of its President of 6 October 2006 (S/PRST/2006/41),“Reaffirming that proliferation of nuclear,chemical and biological weapons,as well as their means of delivery,constitutes a threat to international peace and security,“Expressing the gravest concern at the claim by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) that it has conducted a test of a nuclear weapon on 9 October 2006,and at the challenge such a test constitutes to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and to international efforts aimed at strengthening the global regime of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons,and the danger it poses to peace and stability in the region and beyond,“Expressing its firm conviction that the international regime on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons should be maintained and recalling that the DPRK cannot have the status of a nuclear-weapon state in accordance with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,“Deploring the DPRK’s announcement of withdrawal from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and its pursuit of nuclear weapons,“Deploring further that the DPRK has refused to return to the six-party talks without precondition,“Endorsing the Joint Statement issued on 19 September 2005 by China,the DPRK,Japan,the Republic of Korea,the Russian Federation and the United States,“Underlining the importance that the DPRK respond to other security and humanitarian concerns of the international community,“Expressing profound concern that the test claimed by the DPRK has generated increased tension in the region and beyond,and determining therefore that there is a clear threat to international peace and security,“Acting under Chapter Ⅶ of the Charter of the United Nations,and taking measures under its Article 41,“1. Condemns the nuclear test proclaimed by the DPRK on 9 October 2006 in flagrant disregard of its relevant resolutions,in particular resolution 1695 (2006),as well as of the statement of its President of 6 October 2006 (S/PRST/2006/41),including that such a test would bring universal condemnation of the international community and would represent a clear threat to international peace and security;“2. Demands that the DPRK not conduct any further nuclear test or launch of a ballistic missile;“3. Demands that the DPRK immediately retract its announcement of withdrawal from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons;“4. Demands further that the DPRK return to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards,and underlines the need for all States Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to continue to comply with their Treaty obligations;“5. Decides that the DPRK shall suspend all activities related to its ballistic missile programme and in this context re-establish its pre-existing commitments to a moratorium on missile launching;“6. Decides that the DPRK shall abandon all nuclear weapons and existing nuclear programmes in a complete,verifiable and irreversible manner,shall act strictly in accordance with the obligations applicable to parties under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the terms and conditions of its International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Safeguards Agreement (IAEA INFCIRC/403) and shall provide the IAEA transparency measures extending beyond these requirements,including such access to individuals,documentation,equipments and facilities as may be required and deemed necessary by the IAEA;“7. Decides also that the DPRK shall abandon all other existing weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missile programme in a complete,verifiable and irreversible manner;“8. Decides that:(a) all Member States shall prevent the direct or indirect supply,sale or transfer to the DPRK,through their territories or by their nationals,or using their flag vessels or aircraft,and whether or not originating in their territories,of:(i) any battle tanks,armoured combat vehicles,large calibre artillery systems,combat aircraft,attack helicopters,warships,missiles or missile systems as defined for the purpose of the United Nations Register on Conventional Arms,or related materiel including spare parts,or items as determined by the Security Council or the Committee established by paragraph 12 below (the Committee);(ii) all items,materials,equipment,goods and technology as set out in the lists in documents S/2006/814 and S/2006/815,unless within 14 days of adoption of this resolution the Committee has amended or completed their provisions also taking into account the list in document S/2006/816,as well as other items,materials,equipment,goods and technology,determined by the Security Council or the Committee,which could contribute to DPRK’s nuclear-related,ballistic missile-related or other weapons of mass destruction-related programmes;(iii)luxury goods;(b) the DPRK shall cease the export of all items covered in subparagraphs (a) (i) and (a) (ii) above and that all Member States shall prohibit the procurement of such items from the DPRK by their nationals,or using their flagged vessels or aircraft,and whether or not originating in the territory of the DPRK;I all Member States shall prevent any transfers to the DPRK by their nationals or from their territories,or from the DPRK by its nationals or from its territory,of technical training,advice,services or assistance related to the provision,manufacture,maintenance or use of the items in subparagraphs (a) (i) and (a) (ii) above;(d) all Member States shall,in accordance with their respective legal processes,freeze immediately the funds,other financial assets and economic resources which are on their territories at the date of the adoption of this resolution or at any time thereafter,that are owned or controlled,directly or indirectly,by the persons or entities designated by the Committee or by the Security Council as being engaged in or providing support for,including through other illicit means,DPRK’s nuclear-related,other weapons of mass destruction-related and ballistic missile-related programmes,or by persons or entities acting on their behalf or at their direction,and ensure that any funds,financial assets or economic resources are prevented from being made available by their nationals or by any persons or entities within their territories,to or for the benefit of such persons or entities;(e) all Member States shall take the necessary steps to prevent the entry into or transit through their territories of the persons designated by the Committee or by the Security Council as being responsible for,including through supporting or promoting,DPRK policies in relation to the DPRK’s nuclear-related,ballistic missile-related and other weapons of mass destruction-related programmes,together with their family members,provided that nothing in this paragraph shall oblige a state to refuse its own nationals entry into its territory;(f) in order to ensure compliance with the requirements of this paragraph,and thereby preventing illicit trafficking in nuclear,chemical or biological weapons,their means of delivery and related materials,all Member States are called upon to take,in accordance with their national authorities and legislation,and consistent with international law,cooperative action including through inspection of cargo to and from the DPRK,as necessary;“9. Decides that the provisions of paragraph 8 (d) above do not apply to financial or other assets or resources that have been determined by relevant States:(a) to be necessary for basic expenses,including payment for foodstuffs,rent or mortgage,medicines and medical treatment,taxes,insurance premiums,and public utility charges,or exclusively for payment of reasonable professional fees and reimbursement of incurred expenses associated with the provision of legal services,or fees or service charges,in accordance with national laws,for routine holding or maintenance of frozen funds,other financial assets and economic resources,after notification by the relevant States to the Committee of the intention to authorize,where appropriate,access to such funds,other financial assets and economic resources and in the absence of a negative decision by the Committee within five working days of such notification;(b) to be necessary for extraordinary expenses,provided that such determination has been notified by the relevant States to the Committee and has been approved by the Committee; or I to be subject of a judicial,administrative or arbitral lien or judgement,in which case the funds,other financial assets and economic resources may be used to satisfy that lien or judgement provided that the lien or judgement was entered prior to the date of the present resolution,is not for the benefit of a person referred to in paragraph 8 (d) above or an individual or entity identified by the Security Council or the Committee,and has been notified by the relevant States to the Committee;“10. Decides that the measures imposed by paragraph 8 (e) above shall not apply where the Committee determines on a case-by-case basis that such travel is justified on the grounds of humanitarian need,including religious obligations,or where the Committee concludes that an exemption would otherwise further the objectives of the present resolution;“11. Calls upon all Member States to report to the Security Council within thirty days of the adoption of this resolution on the steps they have taken with a view to implementing effectively the provisions of paragraph 8 above;“12. Decides to establish,in accordance with rule 28 of its provisional rules of procedure,a Committee of the Security Council consisting of all the members of the Council,to undertake the following tasks:(a) to seek from all States,in particular those producing or possessing the items,materials,equipment,goods and technology referred to in paragraph 8 (a) above,information regarding the actions taken by them to implement effectively the measures imposed by paragraph 8 above of this resolution and whatever further information it may consider useful in this regard;(b) to examine and take appropriate action on information regarding alleged violations of measures imposed by paragraph 8 of this resolution;I to consider and decide upon requests for exemptions set out in paragraphs 9 and 10 above;(d) to determine additional items,materials,equipment,goods and technology to be specified for the purpose of paragraphs 8 (a) (i) and 8 (a) (ii) above;(e) to designate additional individuals and entities subject to the measures imposed by paragraphs 8 (d) and 8 (e) above;(f) to promulgate guidelines as may be necessary to facilitate the implementation of the measures imposed by this resolution;(g) to report at least every 90 days to the Security Council on its work,with its observations and recommendations,in particular on ways to strengthen the effectiveness of the measures imposed by paragraph 8 above;“13. Welcomes and encourages further the efforts by all States concerned to intensify their diplomatic efforts,to refrain from any actions that might aggravate tension and to facilitate the early resumption of the six-party talks,with a view to the expeditious implementation of the Joint Statement issued on 19 September 2005 by China,the DPRK,Japan,the Republic of Korea,the Russian Federation and the United States,to achieve the verifiable denuclearization of the Korean peninsula and to maintain peace and stability on the Korean peninsula and in North-East Asia;“14. Calls upon the DPRK to return immediately to the six-party talks without precondition and to work towards the expeditious implementation of the Joint Statement issued on 19 September 2005 by China,the DPRK,Japan,the Republic of Korea,the Russian Federation and the United States;“15. Affirms that it shall keep DPRK’s actions under continuous review and that it shall be prepared to review the appropriateness of the measures contained in paragraph 8 above,including the strengthening,modification,suspension or lifting of the measures,as may be needed at that time in light of the DPRK’s compliance with the provisions of the resolution;“16. Underlines that further decisions will be required,should additional measures be necessary;“17. Decides to remain actively seized of the matter.”--------------------------------------


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